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Personalising learning for those with Asperger's Syndrome


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Personalising learning for those with Asperger's Syndrome
Although mainstream schools suit most children’s needs, there are some students for whom a typical classroom is an ineffective learning environment

Eileen Field, Head Teacher at Accipio School, looks at how to accommodate the needs of pupils with Asperger’s Syndrome.

Asperger’s syndrome is a life-long condition on the autistic spectrum from which approximately one in 200 people suffer, predominantly males.

Those with the condition lack the ability to pick up non-verbal cues such as facial expressions and although they generally have good language skills, they find it hard to understand hidden meanings in conversation such as idioms, jokes or sarcasm.

Children with Asperger’s Syndrome take language at face value so if told to “pull their socks up” they literally bend down to do so.

Consequently, they often appear pedantic, self-focused and lacking in empathy when in fact they are struggling to make sense of social situations without the tools that most people use automatically.

They find it difficult to develop and maintain social relationships and find it hard to understand other people’s point of view.

Those with the condition have difficulty communicating and relating to others, despite their frequent desire to be sociable and to interact.

Unlike autistic pupils, people with Asperger’s Syndrome are usually of average or above average intelligence and do not have many of the learning difficulties associated with autism; indeed, learners with Asperger’s Syndrome can be very talented in their area of interest.

Although some children with Asperger’s Syndrome go to specialist schools, many attend mainstream schools.

Here their level of achievement depends upon the degree of support offered by their teachers and teaching assistants.

Those who receive ample assistance can and do go on to further education, studying for qualifications and achieving good grades.

Students with Asperger’s Syndrome lack organisational skills yet change and unpredictable situations cause them great distress.

Consequently they need those around them to create a sense of order and reduce the confusion and anxiety that can overwhelm them.

To thrive in a mainstream school, students with Asperger’s Syndrome need to share a well-ordered and quiet classroom with relatively few other students.

They benefit from considerable encouragement and need very clear instructions and explanations that do not require interpretation.

However, this can be a tall order for any teacher to deliver when there are 30 other students in a class and so students suffering from Asperger’s can find daily life at school difficult and frustrating.

One such student was Mark.  Due to his condition, Mark found it very difficult to integrate into school and to learn in a mainstream classroom. His difficulties were reflected in constant behaviour issues and he was excluded from his secondary school.

Due to their difficulties with social interaction and communication, making friends can be tricky and school can be symbolic of a feeling of isolation and loneliness.

This is compounded by the fact that pupils with Aspergers’ Syndrome can be treated differently by their teachers and peers.  Even in specialist schools, such as the school to which Mark was transferred by his Local Authority, Asperger’s students can have difficulty fitting in and enjoying the school environment.

Mark’s specialist school looked into a completely new environment in which he could learn: a virtual classroom.  Mark attended online classes with Accipio Learning from the age of 11 to 14 and not only re-engaged with formal education, finding a new and comfortable routine, but also discovered his superior abilities in Maths.

This is typical of Asperger’s sufferers who often excel and show particular interest in one subject area.

Learning at the online school, Mark achieved a level 8 for his Maths SATS – an exceptional score – and sat his Maths GCSE two years early while in Year 9.

Participating in this online classroom environment was very effective for Mark, as with most Aspergers’ sufferers, as it removed many of the distractions which can cause distress.

Characteristic of Asperger’s Syndrome is sensitivity to sensory stimuli, for example light or sound.

Therefore noisy corridors and lunch halls can cause problems for students, meaning that the school and the student’s teachers must provide alternative arrangements, such as allowing the pupil to wait after class until the corridors have emptied before leaving for the next lesson.

By learning in a virtual space, Mark has been able to study in his own space, in a separate room in his specialist school, avoiding crowds, noises and distraction.

Asperger’s sufferers have trouble interpreting facial expressions.   For Mark, removing the need for eye contact in the classroom between him and his teachers and peers was of great benefit, allowing him to concentrate better and for longer.

Due to his success at the online school, Mark has rebuilt the confidence he lost during his expulsion and has re-engaged with education.

Having moved to a mainstream college, Mark completed the first part of his Maths AS Level this summer with enormous success.

He is now working towards his Maths A2 and will be sitting the exam at the same time as his GCSEs, at the end of this academic year.

Although some Asperger’s sufferers are happy in mainstream schooling, for some students removing the distractions and annoyances of this environment can really help them to enjoy education and find their talents.

The head teacher of Mark’s specialist school noted that thanks to the online school boosting Mark’s self-esteem and qualifications, he has been able to reintegrate back into mainstream education successfully, something which may have been inconceivable a few years ago.

About Accipio Learning:

Accipio Learning is the UK’s leading provider of live, online teaching to secondary school students who are unable to attend mainstream schools.  Accipio delivers its services through live, interactive lessons allowing pupils to communicate with teachers and peers in a safe and secure virtual learning environment.

Accipio works with more than 40 local authorities to provide a high quality, cost-effective solution that enables young people to gain qualifications and expand their employment or further education opportunities.

Do you think that this going to be extended to students in other countries?

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e-Learning scheme scores highly for GCSE pupils
The London Borough of Ealing began to explore e-learning options for pupils ‘educated other than at school’ (EOTAS) in 2003.

Background
The initiative came from the head of behaviour strategy and social inclusion. It was developed by the EOTAS strategy coordinator.

There was a need to extend the number of places available for pupils out of school in years 10 and 11. Specifically, it was necesssary to meet statutory obligations to provide full-time education for excluded pupils – a requirement by the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) from September 2002.

There was interest in extending provision to meet the needs of pupils who could not attend the pupil referral unit (PRU) in Ealing.

It was believed that this style of learning may benefit the following young people:

who are 'school phobic'
who are anxious about leaving home or working in a group
who have a pattern of challenging behaviour, including confronting authority figures in a group situation
Distance learning models were being set up in a number of neighbouring boroughs. Ealing wanted to be proactive in this new development.

What we did
The company Accipio Learning was selected because it offered a complete package of online lessons and courses leading to five GCSEs – the average required to progress on to post-16 courses at level 2 or 3.

Funding was identified through ‘Standards Fund Grant 210: vulnerable children’.

The project brief was drawn up and a pilot project for 10 places was set up in the academic year 2004/05. The programme had links with the secondary PRU in Ealing. The council’s focus was how best to support the students to achieve and ensure successful outcomes.

Objectives
Objectives included:

to identify for which pupil groups this approach works best
to identify whether students are more successful if working mainly in a small group or if working mainly independently
to provide a programme for students that enables them to access the core curriculum, to develop ICT skills and prepare for further education or employment through access to the work-related curriculum
to provide 20 hours of provision or more
to enable students to sit GCSE examinations – or entry level if more appropriate
to use the Youth Award Scheme to accredit non-core subjects
to support students to complete a progress file
to support students with input from Connexions and Youth Services for their personal development and to plan post-16 pathways
to develop a partnership approach with Connexions to meeting the students' needs, including integrating youth workers into the programme to support the Personal, Social and Health Education (PSHE) programme and providing opportunities for a wider curriculum
to integrate input from other providers, for example school health consultants, local arts projects
A programme coordinator was appointed and five year-11 students identified to form a small group. This group worked at a Youth Services premises that had a purpose-built information and communication technologies (ICT) suite, additional workspace, lunch and leisure facilities.

Obstacles
The ICT system could not sustain the level of use by our students and crashed regularly. Despite the efforts of Youth Services IT support staff and technicians from Accipio Learning, the technical difficulties could not be resolved. Students were not able to establish a proper routine for learning.

Towards the end of the first term, we ended the group aspect of the work. Each student was re-interviewed and a new plan agreed.

One of these original students transferred to another course.
One was finally able to access her lessons from her aunt’s home.
One was given provision from his foster carers’ home.
Two worked in their own homes.
A further five pupils joined the project over the course of the term, all working from their homes. Each student was provided with a laptop and a broadband connection was installed in each household.

The programme coordinator visited each student weekly, supported the completion of coursework, liaised with the PRU and generally kept the programme on track. However, with the demise of the group work, some original objectives were hard to meet. These included the Youth Award Scheme and the progress file.

Online attendance was lower than expected. However, students could watch their lessons later in the day if they missed one.

The new way of working was much more successful and the programme was repeated the following year. It is now in its third year and is an established part of Ealing’s range of alternative provision.

Cost
The cost of the programme is £6,000 per place per year, about half the cost of a PRU place. However, Ealing supports this with an IT Support package for each student, and by employing the Accipio coordinator to support students.

The programme was not planned as a cost-saving exercise, but the final cost is approximately two thirds of the cost of a place at the PRU.

Key outcomes
Results show that young people who have failed to manage to learn in a ‘real’ classroom can progress significantly online.

All students gained at least two GCSE passes and one gained four. Only one student was not in employment, education or training the following September. It was clear that this style of learning had potential for students who:

have difficulty working in an institutional environment
attain Level 4 or higher at KS3 SATs
are motivated and committed to GCSE achievement
have the ability to access three to five GCSEs – more if additional tuition is agreed
have basic classroom and IT skills
have the ability to work independently
have parental support
In the year following the pilot, 2005/06, the council purchased 15 transferable places and again in the current academic year.

Over the academic year 2005-06, 18 students were taken on roll. Of these, 14 were in year 11. Twelve of those completed the course. One returned to school after the birth of her baby, a second was transferred to another course.

Ten of those students were entered for GCSE examinations, with a total 48 entries. There were 14 passes in the range A-C and 39 in the range A-E.

Students in 2005-06 were more effectively selected than in the pilot year. They had some motivation to succeed and were, for example, prepared to complete coursework. A number also had some awareness of the way that their behaviour in the peer group adversely affected their learning.

However there were a number of dramatic episodes in the lives of these young people during the year, which had a negative impact on their learning, including:

relationship problems within their peer group
a teenage pregnancy
family problems
drug use issues
Outcomes for young people remain positive. Last year, in addition to improved examination results, nine students moved on to college or sixth form post-16. Three of them went on to do an AS-level course.

Evaluation from those students indicates progress in their personal, as well as educational, development. Initially they indicated they were unhappy or worried about being excluded. By the end they were commenting that they liked:

interacting with other pupils online
the ability to access previous lessons on archive
being able to avoid a long journey into school
the lack of distractions
Further development
Development is ongoing. Evaluation last year indicated that some students felt isolated and that they would have liked a wider range of subjects on offer.

The council piloted an arts enrichment programme in the autumn term of 2006. It did not engage all students. However those who did attend were keen the programme should support their GCSE programmes of study. There was therefore a focus on theatre, including Shakespeare's play ‘Romeo and Juliet’. This initiative is currently being reviewed and a modified version, perhaps with more input from the students themselves, is planned for the next cohort.

A small number of students were, where appropriate, given an extended work experience placement. This will be repeated.

The Accipio Learning curriculum has extended this year to include a Preparation for Working Life Certificate at levels 1 and 2, and will extend again in the next academic year. This is in response to requests from authorities that have bought in to the programme, and in line with their own wish to provide a PSHE element to the programme.

The most difficult aspect of the programme has been related to the technical aspects. We now buy in technical support from the company and this has improved the situation, but it can still cause frustration.

Communication is also key. Without the input from the Accipio coordinator – who constantly reviews the progress of pupils, their coursework, exam entries and technical needs – this programme would be much less successful.

As a result of this early experience, online learning is now an important part of the borough’s alternative provision. Ealing now has students engaged on another, rather different e-learning programme.

We are committed to using a wide range of alternative provision for EOTAS students, including e-learning. We have set up an approved list of alternative education. This is to be used to ensure both that students have access to the best educational provision for their particular needs, and that the council achieves value for money.

It is likely that our use of online learning will increase as the provision develops in the future.

Contact

Teresa Knox, EOTAS Strategy Manager
London Borough of Ealing
Perceval House
14-16 Uxbridge Road
London W5 2HL
email: TKnox@ealing.gov.uk
telephone: 020 8825 7734


It looks as though it would be too expensive and impractical for overseas students, given the technical problems. Sad

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